From f997b2ec7857c33627257ba296b07723ba2d87d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Robin Date: Sun, 30 May 2010 18:32:59 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] added symptom extraction process initially coping symptom_abstraction directory --- symptom_ex_process/.gitignore | 15 + symptom_ex_process/Makefile | 19 + symptom_ex_process/mybib.bib | 153 ++ symptom_ex_process/symptom_ex_process.tex | 709 +++++++++ symptom_ex_process/vmgbibliography.bib | 1747 +++++++++++++++++++++ thesis.tex | 6 +- 6 files changed, 2648 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 symptom_ex_process/.gitignore create mode 100644 symptom_ex_process/Makefile create mode 100644 symptom_ex_process/mybib.bib create mode 100644 symptom_ex_process/symptom_ex_process.tex create mode 100644 symptom_ex_process/vmgbibliography.bib diff --git a/symptom_ex_process/.gitignore b/symptom_ex_process/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8dd175e --- /dev/null +++ b/symptom_ex_process/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# +# +# +# git ignore for latex +# + +*.aux +*.log +*.dvi +*.pdf +*.lof +*.lot +*.toc +*.*~ + diff --git a/symptom_ex_process/Makefile b/symptom_ex_process/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..439f031 --- /dev/null +++ b/symptom_ex_process/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +# +# Make the propositional logic diagram a paper +# + +all: + pdflatex symptom_abstraction.tex + okular symptom_abstraction.pdf + +#paper: paper.tex logic_diagram_paper.tex +# latex paper.tex +# dvipdf paper +# okular paper.pdf + + +# Remove the need for referncing graphics in subdirectories +# +#logic_diagram_paper.tex: logic_diagram.tex +# cat logic_diagram.tex | sed 's/logic_diagram\///' > logic_diagram_paper.tex diff --git a/symptom_ex_process/mybib.bib b/symptom_ex_process/mybib.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b996d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/symptom_ex_process/mybib.bib @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ + + +% my bib file. + + +% $Id: mybib.bib,v 1.2 2008/09/26 16:31:31 robin Exp $ + + +@ARTICLE{valueoflife, + AUTHOR = "W.K. Viscusi", + TITLE = "The value of life: Estimates with risks by occupation and industry", + JOURNAL = "Harvard John M. Olin Canter for Law ISSN 1045-6333", + YEAR = "2003" +} + + +@ARTICLE{nucfta, + AUTHOR = "US Nuclear reg commission", + TITLE = "Fault Tree Handbook", + JOURNAL = "Nuclear Safety Analysis Handbook", + YEAR = "1981" +} + +@ARTICLE{nasafta, + AUTHOR = "NASA", + TITLE = "Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications", + JOURNAL = "NASA Handbook", + YEAR = "2002" +} + + +@BOOK{mil1991, + AUTHOR = "United~States~DOD", + TITLE = "Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment", + PUBLISHER = "DOD", + YEAR = "1991" +} + + +@BOOK{sccs, + AUTHOR = "Neil~Storey", + TITLE = "Safety-Critical Computer Systems ISBN 0-201-42787-7", + PUBLISHER = "Prentice Hall", + YEAR = "1996" +} + +@BOOK{sem, + AUTHOR = "J.~Woodcock,~Martin~Loomes", + TITLE = "Software Engineering Mathematics ISBN 0-273-02673-9", + PUBLISHER = "Pitman", + YEAR = "1988" +} + +@BOOK{f77, + AUTHOR = "A.~Balfour D.H.~Marwick", + TITLE = "Programming in Standard Fortran 77 ISBN 0-435-77486-7", + PUBLISHER = "Heinemann Educational Books", + YEAR = "1979" +} + +@BOOK{ctw, + AUTHOR = "Gregory~J.E.~Rawlins", + TITLE = "Compared to What ? An introduction to the analysis of algorithms ISBN 0-7167-8243-x", + PUBLISHER = "Computer Science Press", + YEAR = "1991" +} + + + +@BOOK{alg, + AUTHOR = "Alan~Gibbons", + TITLE = "Algorithmic Graph Theory ISBN 0-521-28881-9", + PUBLISHER = "Cambridge University Press", + YEAR = "1985" +} + +@BOOK{found, + AUTHOR = "Ian~Stewart, David~Tall", + TITLE = "The Foundations of Mathematics : ISBN 0-19-853165-6", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford University Press", + YEAR = "1977" +} + +@BOOK{shin, + AUTHOR = "Sun-Joo~Shin", + TITLE = "The Iconic Logic of Peirces Graphs", + PUBLISHER = "Bradford", + YEAR = "2002" +} + + +@BOOK{idmfssz, + AUTHOR = " D~C~Ince", + TITLE = " An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, Formal System Specification and Z : Oxford : ISBN 0-19-853836-7", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford University Press", + YEAR = "1988" +} + + +@BOOK{wdycwopt, + AUTHOR = " Richard~P~Feynman", + TITLE = " What do you care what other people think: Harper Collins : ISBN 0-586-21855-6", + PUBLISHER = " harpercollins", + YEAR = "1988" +} + + +@MISC{gnuplot, + author = "Various Open~source~Project", + title = "GNUPlot 4 Home Page", + howpublished = "Available from http://www.gnuplot.info/", + year = "2005" +} + +@MISC{eulerviz, + author = "Peter~Rodgers, John~Howse, Andrew~Fish", + title = "Visualization of Euler Diagrams", + howpublished = "http://www.cmis.bton.ac.uk/research/vmg/papers/EulerViz.pdf", + year = "2005" +} + +@MISC{eulerprop, + author = "Peter~Rodgers, John~Howse, Gem~Stapleton", + title = "Properties of Euler Diagrams", + howpublished = "http://www.cmis.bton.ac.uk/research/vmg/papers/", + year = "2007" +} +@MISC{en298, + author = "E N Standard", + title = "Gas Burner Controllers with forced draft", + howpublished = "EN298", + year = "2003" +} + +@MISC{en61508, + author = "E N Standard", + title = "Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety related systems", + howpublished = "EN61508", + year = "2002" +} +@MISC{javaarea, + author = "Sun~Micro~Systems", + title = "Java Area Operations", + howpublished = "Available from http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api/java/awt/geom/Area.html", + year = "2000" +} +@MISC{javaarea, + author = "Sun~Micro~Systems", + title = "Java Area Operations", + howpublished = "Available from http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api/java/awt/geom/Area.html", + year = "2000" +} + diff --git a/symptom_ex_process/symptom_ex_process.tex b/symptom_ex_process/symptom_ex_process.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72789e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/symptom_ex_process/symptom_ex_process.tex @@ -0,0 +1,709 @@ + +\begin{abstract} +In modular systems design, it is often very useful to +know the failure modes of the sub-systems used. +This paper outlines a technique for determining the failure modes of a sub-system given +its component parts. +%, and the failure modes of those parts. + + +The technique uses a graphical notation, based on Euler\cite{eulerviz} and Constraint +diagrams\cite{constraint} to model failure modes and failure mode common symptom collection. +The technique is designed for making building blocks for a hierarchical fault model. + +Once the failure modes have been determined for a sub-system, +that sub-system may be treated as a `component' or `black box' and used +in conjunction with other such analysed sub-systems, to model +higher level sub-systems. In this way a hierarchy to represent the fault behaviour +of a system can be built. + + +%FMMD hierarchy +The hierarchy is built from the bottom up. +Starting with component failure modes at the bottom. +Because the process is bottom-up, syntax checking and tracking can ensure that +no component failure mode can be overlooked. +Once a hierarchy is in place it can be converted into a fault data model. + +From the fault data model, automatic generation +of FTA\cite{nasafta} (Fault Tree Analysis) and mimimal cuts sets\cite{nucfta} are possible. +Also statistical reliability\cite{en61508} and MTTF (Mean Time to Failure) calculations can be produced +automatically, where component failure mode statistics are available\cite{mil1991}. + +This paper focuses on the process of building the blocks that are used in the hierarchy. + +\end{abstract} + +%\clearpage + +\section{Introduction} + +Fault finding is intinctively performed from the top-down. +A faulty piece of equipment is examined and will have a +symptom or specific fault. The area or sub-system within the +equipemnt will next be looked into. Secific measurements +and checks will be made, and finally a component or a low level sub-system +will be found to be faulty. +The technique here works the other way. It works from the bottom up. +Starting with a collection of compoents that form +a simple functional group, the effect of all component error modes are +examined, as to their effect on the functional group. +The effects on the functional group can then be collected as common symptoms, +and now we may treat the functional group as a component. It has a known set of failure modes. +By working from the bottom up, we can trace all possible sources +that could cause a particular mode of equipment failure. +This means that we can obtainm statistical estimates based on the known reliabilities +of the components. +It also means that every component failure mode must at the very least be considered. + +\subsection{Static Analysis} + +In the field of safety critical engineering; to comply with +European Law a product must be certified under the approriate `EN' standard. +Typically environmental stress, EMC, electrical stressing, endurance tests, +software~inspections and project~management quality reviews are applied\cite{sccs}. + +Static testing is also applied. This is theoretical analysis of the design of the product from the safety +perspective. +Three main techniques are currenly used, +Statistical failure models, FMEA (Failure mode Effects Analysis) and FTA (Fault Tree Analysis). +The technique outlined here aims to provide a mathematical frame work +to assist in the production of these three results of static analysis. + +{ +The aims are +\begin{itemize} + \item To automate the process where possible + \item To apply a documented trail for each analysis phase (determination of functional groups, and analysis of component failure modes on those groups) + \item To use a modular approach so that analysed sub-systems can be re-used + \item Automatically ensure no failure mode is unhandled + \item To produce a data model from which FTA, FMEA and statistical failure models may be obtained automatically +\end{itemize} +} + + +\subsection{Systems, functional groups, sub-systems and failure modes} + +It is helpful here to define some terms, `system', `functional~group', `component', `base~component' and `sub-system'. + +A System, is really any coherent entity that would be sold as a safety critical product. +A sub-system is a system that is part of some larger system. +For instance a stereo amplifier separate is a sub-system. The +whole Sound System, consists perhaps of the following `sub-systems': +CD-player, tuner, amplifier~separate, loudspeakers and ipod~interface. + +%Thinking like this is a top~down analysis approach +%and is the way in which FTA\cite{nucfta} analyses a System +%and breaks it down. + +A sub-system will be composed of component parts, which +may themselves be sub-systems. However each `component part' +will have a fault/failure behaviour and it should +always be possible to obtain a set of failure modes +for each `component'. + +If we look at the sound system again as an +example; the CD~player could fail in serveral distinct ways, no matter +what has happened to it or has gone wrong inside it. + + +Using the reasoning that working from the bottom up forces the consideration of all possible +component failures (which can be missed in a top~down approach) +we are presented with a problem. Which initial collections of base components should we choose ? + +For instance in the CD~player example; to start at the bottom; we are presented with +a massive list of base~components, resistors, motors, user~switches, laser~diodes all sorts ! +Clearly, working from the bottom~up we need to pick small +collections of components that work together in some way. +These are termed `functional~groups'. For instance the circuitry that powers the laser diode +to illuminate the CD might contain a handful of components, and as such would make a good candidate +to be one of the base level functional~groups. + + +In choosing the lowest level (base component) sub-systems we would look +for the smallest `functional~groups' of components within a system. A functional~group is a set of components that interact +to perform a specific function. + +When we have analysed the fault behaviour of a functional group, we can treat it as a `black box'. +We can now call our functional~group a sub-system. The goal here is to know how will behave under fault conditions ! +%Imagine buying one such `sub~system' from a very honest vendor. +%One of those sir, yes but be warned it may fail in these distinct ways, here +%in the honest data sheet the set of failure modes is listed! +This type of thinking is starting to become more commonplace in product literature, with the emergence +of reliability safety standards such as IOC1508\cite{sccs},EN61508\cite{en61508}. +FIT (Failure in Time - expected number of failures per billion hours of operation) values +are published for some micro-controllers. A micro~controller +is a complex sub-system in its self and could be considered a `black~box' with a given reliability. +\footnote{Microchip sources give an FIT of 4 for their PIC18 series micro~controllers\cite{microchip}, The DOD +1991 reliability manual\cite{mil1991} applies a FIT of 100 for this generic type of component} + +As electrical components have detailed datasheets a useful extension of this would +be failure modes of the component, with environmental factors and MTTF statistics. + +Currently this sort of information is generally only available for generic component types\cite{mil1991}. + + +%At higher levels of analysis, functional~groups are pre-analysed sub-systems that interact to +%erform a given function. + +\vspace{0.3cm} +%\begin{table}[p] +\begin{tabular}{||l|l||} \hline \hline + {\em Definition } & {\em Description} \\ \hline +System & A product designed to \\ + & work as a coherent entity \\ \hline +Sub-system & A part of a system, \\ + & sub-systems may contain sub-systems \\ \hline +Failure mode & A way in which a System, \\ + & Sub-system or component can fail \\ \hline +Functional Group & A collection of sub-systems and/or \\ + & components that interact to \\ + & perform a specific function \\ \hline +Base Component & Any bought in component, which \\ + & hopefully has a known set of failure modes \\ \hline + \hline +\end{tabular} +%\end{table} +\vspace{0.3cm} + + +\section{The Symptom abstraction Process} + +% TO DO: separate these two: + +\paragraph{symptom abstraction described} + +The objective of `symptom abstraction' is to analyse the functional~group and find out what will happen to it, +when specified component failure modes occur. +Once we know how it fails as a functional~group, we can treat it as a component or sub-system +with its own set of failure modes. + +Each failure mode (or combination of) investigated is termed a `test case'. +Each `test case' is analysed. +The component failure modes are examined with respect to their effect on the functional~group. +When all `test~cases' have been analysed a second phase is applied. + +This looks at the results of the `test~cases' as symptoms +of the sub-system. + In this way `test~case~results' are grouped as common symptoms, from the perspective of the sub-system. + To go back to the CD~player example, a failed +output stage, and a failed internal audio amplifier, +will both cause the same failure; $no\_sound$ ! + + + +\paragraph{symptom abstraction represented on the diagram} +This process can be applied using a diagram. +From the collection of parts for the sub-system under analysis, a set of failure +modes for each component is obtained. A diagram is then drawn with +each component failure mode represented by a contour. +Component failure mode combinations are +chosen for `test cases'.\footnote{Combinations of component failure modes can be represented by overlapping contours} + +A `test case' is represented on the diagram as a point or asterisk, +in a region enclosed by the contours representing the failure modes it investigates. + +The effect on the sub-system of each test case is analysed. +%It is then represented on the diagram by an asterisk on the contour representing the failure mode. +The `test~case~results' are archived. +When all test cases have been analysed, we switch our attention to a higher abstraction level. +% We treat the sub-system as a black box, or as a component part itsself. +% We can now look at the test case results from the perspective of a `user' +% of this sub-system. +% +% +% We treat the sub-system as a `black box' and view the effects of the component failure +% at the sub-system level. This mean we are not interested so much in what the compoent does, +% but how the sub-system reacts when it fails in a certain way. +% +% Each `test case' is labelled from the perspective of the failure as seen at sub-system level. + +% +We can now try to simplfy by determining common symptoms. +A common symptom, in this context, is defined as faults caused by different +component failure modes that have the same effect from the perspective +of a `user' of the sub-system. + +Test case results can now viewed as failure modes of the sub-sytem or `black box', and grouped together +where there are common symptoms. +These are grouped together by joining them with lines. These lines form collected groups (or `spiders'). +See figure \ref{fig:gensubsys3}. +% +It can be seen now that each {\em lone test case} and {\em spider} on the +diagram is a distinct failure mode of the sub-system. +This means that these failure modes represent the fault behaviour of the sub-system. +We can now treat this sub-system as a component in its own right, or in other words, +we have derived a failure mode model at a higher level of abstraction. + +We can now draw a new diagram to represent the failure modes of the sub-system. +Each spider or lone test case, becomes a contour representing a failure mode +of the sub-system in this new diagram (see figure \ref{fig:gensubsys4}. + + + +\section{The Process : To analyse a base level sub-system} + +To sumarise: + +\begin{itemize} + \item Determine a minimal functional group + \item Obtain list of components in the functional group + \item Collect the failure modes for each component + \item Draw these as contours on a diagram + \item Where multiple failures are examined use overlapping contours + \item For each region on the diagram, make a test case + \item Examine each test case and determine the effect of the component failure modes on the behaviour of the functional group + \item Collect common symptoms. Imagine you are handed this functional group as a `black box', a sub-system to use. +Determine which test cases produce the same fault symptoms. Join common symptoms with lines connecting them (sometimes termed a `spider'). + \item The lone test cases and the spiders are now the fault mode behaviour of the sub-system. + \item A new diagram can now be drawn where each spider, or lone test case from the original diagram +is represented as a contour. These contours represent the failure modes of the sub-system. +\end{itemize} + + + + +\section{A general Sub-System example} + +Consider a functional group $FG$ with component parts $A$,$B$ and $C$. +Each part has a set of related fault modes (i.e. ways in which it can fail to operate correctly). +Let us define the following failure modes for each component part, defining a function $FM()$ where $K$ +is a component part and $F$ is its set of failure modes\footnote{Base component failure modes are defined, often with +statistics and evironmental factors in a variety of sources. \cite{mil1991} +}. + +$$ +FM : K \mapsto F +$$ +\\ +For our example above +\\ +$$ FM(A) = \{ a_1, a_2, a_3 \} $$ +$$ FM(B) = \{ b_1, b_2 \} $$ +$$ FM(C) = \{ c_1, c_2 \} $$ + +We can now represent the sub-system as a set of component faulure modes $FG_{cfm}$, +thus + +\begin{equation} + FG_{cfm} = \{a_1, a_2, a_3, b_1, b_2, c_1, c_2 \} +\end{equation} + + + + +The failure modes of the components can be represented as contours on +on the diagram in \ref{fig:gensubsys1}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3in,bb=0 0 513 541]{symptom_abstraction/synmptom_abstraction.jpg} + % synmptom_abstraction.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 +\label{fig:gensubsys1} + \caption{$FG_{cfm}$ Component Failure modes represented as contours} +\end{figure} + +% % DIAGRAM WITH SPIDER +% \begin{figure} +% \centering +% \includegraphics[scale=20]{./synmptom_abstraction.jpg} +% % synmptom_abstraction.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 +% \label{fig:gensubsys2} +% \caption{$SS_{cfm}$ Component Failure modes represented as contours} +% \end{figure} + + +We can now look at the effects that component failure modes have +on the sub-system. +This process involves examining `test cases'. Each `test case' represents the fault behaviour +of the sub-system due to particular combinations of component fault modes. + +Each test case can be represented on the diagram as a labeled point. +The labeled point will reside in a region on the diagram +enclosed by the contours representing particular component fault modes. +The label will indicate the fault symptom from the perspective of the sub-system. +For the sake of example, only single component failure modes are considered. +We can now assign a test~case to each contour, and mark it on the diagram. + +% \begin{figure}[h+] +% \centering +% \includegraphics[scale=20]{./symptom_abstraction2.jpg} +% % synmptom_abstraction.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 +% \label{fig:gensubsys2} +% \caption{Component Failure modes with analysed test cases} +% \end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3in,bb=0 0 513 541]{symptom_abstraction/symptom_abstraction2.jpg} + % symptom_abstraction2.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 + \label{fig:gensubsys2} + \caption{Component Failure modes with analysed test cases} +\end{figure} + +\par +\vspace{0.3cm} +\begin{tabular}{||l|l||} \hline \hline + {\em Component Failure Mode } & {\em test case} \\ \hline +$a\_1$ & $fs\_1$ \\ \hline +$a\_2$ & $fs\_2$ \\ \hline +$a\_3$ & $fs\_3$ \\ \hline +$b\_1$ & $fs\_4$ \\ \hline +$b\_2$ & $fs\_5$ \\ \hline +$c\_1$ & $fs\_6$ \\ \hline +$c\_2$ & $fs\_7$ \\ \hline + \hline +\end{tabular} +\vspace{0.3cm} + + + +The sub-system fault symptoms are now represented on the diagram as in figure \ref{fig:gensubsys2}. + +A second stage of analysis is now applied. +Empirically, it is often noticed that a sub-system will fail in the same way due to a variety of reasons. +To the `user' of the sub-system, it does not matter which component or combination of components has failed. +The sub-system can thus be considered to have its own set of failure modes. +This stage of the analysis is to determine these, to collect `like symptoms'. +This is performed on the diagram by linking the test cases with lines to form `spiders' + +For the sake of example let us consider the fault symptoms $SP1 = \{fs_2, fs_4, fs_5\}$ to be an identical +failure mode at the {\em sub-system} level. These can then be joined to form a spider. Likewise +let $SP2 = \{fs_1, fs_3, fs_7\}$ be an identical failure mode at the {\em sub-system} level. +Let $\{fs_6\}$ be a distinct failure mode at {\em sub-system} level. + +The diagram can now be drawn as in figure \ref{fig:gensubsys3}. + +% \begin{figure}[h+] +% \centering +% \includegraphics[scale=20]{./symptom_abstraction3.jpg} +% % synmptom_abstraction.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 +% \label{fig:gensubsys3} +% \caption{Common failure modes collected as `Spiders'} +% \end{figure} +\begin{figure}[h+] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3in,bb=0 0 513 541]{symptom_abstraction/symptom_abstraction3.jpg} + % symptom_abstraction3.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 + \label{fig:gensubsys3} +\caption{Common failure modes collected as `Spiders'} +\end{figure} + + +The third stage of the process can be applied automatically. +Each `spider' or `lone test case' becomes a contour +in the new diagram (see figure \ref{fig:gensubsys4}. + +The result of this will be, a set of failure modes for the sub-system, as though it were a {\em black box} +or a {\em component} to be used in higher level designs. + + +We have now in $SP1$, $SP2$ and $fs_6$ the three ways in which this sub-system can fail. +In other words we have derived failure modes for this sub-system. + + +%\section{The Process : To analyse a base level sub-system} + +% \REQUIRE Obtain a list of components for the System $S$ under investigation. \ENSURE Decomposition of $S$ into atomic +% components where each component $c$ has a know set of $fm$ failure modes. +% +% \STATE Determine functional groups $fg_n \subset S$ of components, where n is an index number +% \COMMENT{ The functional groups should be chosen to be minimally sized collections of components that perform a specific function.} +% \REQUIRE{ Ensure that all components belong to at least one functinal group $\bigcup_i fg_i = S $ +% % +% \FORALL { $fg_i \in S$} +% +% \STATE state something +% +% \ENDFOR +% +% \STATE Check for cut vertices \COMMENT{here we choose to decompose +% all nested components in one go} +% % +% \FORALL {vertices $v \in G$} +% \STATE Check if $v$ is a cut vertex. \COMMENT{so $d$ is nested and in +% $d$ there must be a 0-separating curve in the zone corresponding to $v$} +% \ENDFOR +% +% +%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +% \begin{itemize} +% \item determine a minimal functional group +% \item obtain list of components in the functional group +% \item collect the failure modes for each component +% \item draw these as contours on a diagram +% \item where multiple failures are examined use overlapping contours to represent this +% \item for each region on the diagram, make a test case +% \item examine each test case and determine the effect of the component failure modes on the behaviour of the functional group +% \item collect common symptoms. imagine you are handed this functional group as a `black box', a sub system to use. +% which test cases produce the same fault symptoms. Join common symptoms with `spiders', lines connecting them +% \item The lone test cases and the spiders are now the fault mode behaviour of the sub-system +% \item A new diagram can now be drawn where each spider, or lone test case from the original diagram +% is represented as a contour. These contours represent the failure modes of the sub-system. +% \end{itemize} + +This sub-system may now therfore, be represented as three separate failure modes. +We may now treat this sub-system as we would a component with a known set of failure modes. +The failure modes of the Sub-system $SS$ are now the set $SS_{fm} = \{ SP1, Sp2, fs_6 \}$. + +Defining the function `$\bowtie$' to represent the {\em symptom abstraction} process, we may now +write + +$$ +\bowtie : SubSystemComponentFaultModes \mapsto SubSystemFaultModes +$$ + +\begin{equation} + \bowtie(FG_{cfm}) = SS_{fm} +\end{equation} + +The $SS_{fm}$ set of fault modes can be represented as a diagram with each fault~mode of $SS$ being a contour. +The derivation of $SS_{fm}$ is represented graphically using the `$\bowtie$' symbol, as in figure \ref{fig:gensubsys4} + +% \begin{figure}[h+] +% \centering +% \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3in]{./symptom_abstraction4.jpg} +% % synmptom_abstraction.jpg: 570x601 pixel, 80dpi, 18.10x19.08 cm, bb=0 0 513 541 +% \label{fig:gensubsys3} +% \caption{Deriving a new diagram} +% \end{figure} +% + +\begin{figure}[h+] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3in,bb=0 0 376 410]{symptom_abstraction/symptom_abstraction4.jpg} + % symptom_abstraction4.jpg: 418x455 pixel, 80dpi, 13.27x14.45 cm, bb=0 0 376 410 + \caption{Deriving a new diagram} + \label{fig:gensubsys4} +\end{figure} + + +The derived diagram in figure \ref{fig:gensubsys4} shows the functional group of components $A,B,C$ +analysed as a sub-system. The result is a set of fault modes that define the fault mode behaviour of that sub-system. + + +This sub-system, with its three error modes, can now be treated as a component (although at a higher level of abstraction) +with known failure modes. + + + + +\clearpage +\section{A Formal Algorithmic Description of `Symptom Abstraction'} + +The algorithm for {\em symptom abstraction} is described in +this section +%describes the symptom abstraction process +using set theory. + +The {\em symptom abstraction process} (given the symbol `$\bowtie$') takes a functional group $FG$ +and converts it to a sub-system $SS$. +The sub-system $SS$ is a collection +of failure~modes of the sub-system. +The sub-system $SS$ may now be treated +as a component with a known set of failure modes. +Thus $SS$ can be used as a system building block at a higher +level of fault abstraction. + + +The algorithm has been broken down into five stages, each following on from the other. + +\begin{algorithm}[h+] + ~\label{alg:sympabs1} +\caption{Determine failure modes: $FG \mapsto FG_{cfm}$} \label{alg:sympabs11} +\begin{algorithmic}[1] +%\REQUIRE Obtain a list of components for the System $S$ under investigation. +%ENSURE Decomposition of $S$ into atomic components where each component $c$ has a know set of $fm$ failure modes. + + +%\STATE Determine functional groups $fg_n \subset S$ of components, where n is an index number and the number of functional groups found. + +\STATE { Let $FG$ be a set of components } \COMMENT{ The functional group should be chosen to be minimally sized collections of components that perform a specific function} +\STATE { Let $c$ represent a component} +\STATE { Let $CFM$ represent a set of failure modes } +\STATE { $FM(c) \mapsto CFM $} \COMMENT {Let the function $FM$ take a component and return a set of all its failure modes} + +%\ENSURE { $ \forall c | c \in FG \wedge FM(c) \neq \emptyset $} +%\ENSURE { $ c | c \in FG \wedge FM(c) \neq \emptyset $} +\ENSURE{ Each component $c \in FG $ has a known set of failure modes i.e. $FM(c) \neq \emptyset$ } +%\REQUIRE{ Ensure that all components belong to at least one functional group $\bigcup_{i=1...n} fg_i = S $ } +%symptom_abstraction +% okular + +\STATE {let $FG_{cfm}$ be a set of failure modes} + +\STATE {Collect all failure modes from the components into the set $FM_{cfm}$} +%\FORALL { $c \in FG $ } +%\STATE { $ FM(c) \in FG_{cfm} $ } \COMMENT {Collect all failure modes from the components into the set $FM_{cfm}$} +%\ENDFOR + +%\hline +Algorthim \ref{alg:sympabs11} has taken a functional group $FG$ and returned a set of failure~modes $FG_{cfm}$. +The next task is to formulate `test cases'. These are the collections of failure~modes that will be used +in the analysis stages. + + +\end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + + +\begin{algorithm}[h+] + ~\label{alg:sympabs2} +\caption{Determine Test Cases: $FM_{cfm} \mapsto TC $} \label{alg:sympabs22} +\begin{algorithmic}[1] + + \REQUIRE {Determine the test cases to be applied} + + \STATE { All test cases are now chosen by the investigating engineer(s). Typically all single + component failures are investigated + with some specially selected combination faults} + + \STATE { Let $TC$ be a set of test cases } + \STATE { Let $tc_j$ be set of component failure modes where $j$ is an index of $J$} + \COMMENT { Each set $tc_j$ is a `test case' } + \STATE { $ \forall j \in J | tc_j \in TC $ } + + %\STATE { $ \bigcup_{j=1...N} tc_j = \bigcup TC $ } + %\COMMENT { All $tc_j$ test cases sets belong to $TC$ } + + %\REQUIRE { $ TC \subset \bigcup (FM_{cfm}) $ } + %\COMMENT { $TC$ is the set of all test_cases +% Let TC be a subset of the powerset of the failure modes $ FG_{cfm} $, +%i.e. only failure modes present in $ FG_{cfm} $ are present in sets belonging to $ TC $} + + + \COMMENT { Ensure the test cases are complete and unique } + + \FORALL { $tc_j \in TC$ } + %\ENSURE {$ tc_j \in \bigcap FG_{cfm} $} + \ENSURE {$ tc_j \in \mathcal{P} FG_{cfm} $} + \COMMENT { require that the test case is a member of the powerset of $FM_{cfm}$ } + \ENSURE { $ \forall \; j2 \; \in J ( \forall \; j1 \; \in J | tc_{j1} \neq tc_{j2} \; \wedge \; j1 \neq j2 ) $} + \COMMENT { Test cases must be unique } + \ENDFOR + + + + \STATE { let $f$ represet a component failure mode } + \REQUIRE { That all failure modes are represented in at least one test case } + \ENSURE { $ \forall f | (f \in FM_{cfm}) \wedge (f \in \bigcup TC) $ } + \COMMENT { This corresponds to checking that at least each failure mode is considered at least once in the analysis; some european standards +imply checking all double fault combinations\cite{en298} } + +%\hline +Algorithm \ref{alg:sympabs22} has taken the set of failure modes $FM_{cfm}$ and returned a set of test cases $TC$. +The next stages is to analyse the effect of each test case on the functional group. + +\end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +\begin{algorithm}[h+] + ~\label{alg:sympabs3} +\caption{Analyse Test Cases: $ TC \mapsto R $} \label{alg:sympabs33} +\begin{algorithmic}[1] + \STATE { let r be a `test case result'} + \STATE { Let the function $Analyse : tc \mapsto r $ } \COMMENT { This analysis is a human activity, examining the failure~modes in the test case and determining how the functional~group will fail under those conditions} + \STATE { $ R $ is a set of test case results $r_j \in R$ where the index $j$ corresponds to $tc_j \in TC$} + \FORALL { $tc_j \in TC$ } + \STATE { $ rc_j = Analyse(tc_j) $} \COMMENT {this is Fault Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) applied in the context of the functional group} + \STATE { $ rc_j \in R $ } + \ENDFOR + +%\hline +Algorithm \ref{alg:sympabs33} has built the set $R$, the sub-system/functional group results for each test case. +\end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + + + + +\begin{algorithm}[h+] + ~\label{alg:sympabs4} + +\caption{Find Common Symptoms: $ R \mapsto SP $} \label{alg:sympabs44} + +\begin{algorithmic}[1] + + + %\REQUIRE {All failure modes for the components in $fm_i = FM(fg_i)$} + \STATE {Let $sp_l$ be a set of `test cases results' where $l$ is an index set $L$} + \STATE {Let $SP$ be a set whose members are sets $sp_l$} + \COMMENT{ $SP$ is the set of `fault symptoms' for the sub-system} +% + %\COMMENT{This corresponds to a fault symptom of the functional group $FG$} + %\COMMENT{where double failure modes are required the cardinality constrained powerset of two must be applied to each failure mode} + + \FORALL { $ r_j \in R$ } + \STATE { $sp_l \in \mathcal{P} R \wedge sp_l \in SP$ } + \STATE { $sp_l \in \bigcap R \wedge sp_l \in SP$ } \COMMENT{ Collect common symptoms. + Analyse the sub-system's fault behaviour under the failure modes in $tc_j$ and determine the symptoms $sp_l$ that it +causes in the functional group $FG$} + %\ENSURE { $ \forall l2 \in L ( \forall l1 \in L | \exists a \in sp_{l1} \neq \exists b \in sp_{l2} \wedge l1 \neq l2 ) $} + + \ENSURE {$ \forall a \in sp_l | \forall sp_i \in \bigcap_{i=1..L} SP ( sp_i = sp_l \implies a \in sp_i)$} + + \COMMENT { Ensure that the elements in each $sp_l$ are not present in any other $sp_l$ set } + + \ENDFOR + + + + \STATE { The Set $SP$ can now be considered to be the set of fault modes for the sub-system that $FG$ represents} + +%\hline +Algorithm \ref{alg:sympabs44} raises the failure~mode abstraction level. +The failures have now been considered not from the component level, but from the sub-system or +functional group level. +We now have a set $SP$ of the symptoms of failure. + +\end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +\begin{algorithm}[h+] + ~\label{alg:sympabs5} + +\caption{Treat the symptoms as failure modes of the Sub-System: $ SP \mapsto SS $} \label{alg:sympabs55} + +\begin{algorithmic}[1] + + \STATE { Let $SS$ be a set of faliure modes with failure modes $f$ indexed by $l$ } + \FORALL { $sp_l \in SP$ } + \STATE { $ f_l = ConvertToFaultMode(sp_l) $} + \STATE { $ f_l \in SS $} + \ENDFOR +%\hline + +Algorithm \ref{alg:sympabs55} is the final stage in the process. We now have a +sub-system $SS$, which has its own set of failure~modes. This can now be treated +as a component, and used to form functional~groups at a higher level of failure~mode~abstraction. +\end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + + + +\clearpage +\section{To conclude} + +The technique provides a methodology for bottom-up analysis of the fault behaviour of complex safety critical systems. + +\subsection{Hierarchical Simplification} + +Because symptom abstraction collects fault modes, the number of faults to handle decreases +as the hierarchy progresses upwards. +This is seen in real life Systems. At the highest levels the number of faults +reduces. A Sound system might have, for instance only four faults at its highest or System level, +\small +$$ SoundSystemFaults = \{TUNER\_FAULT, CD\_FAULT, SOUND\_OUT\_FAULT, IPOD\_FAULT\}$$ +\normalsize +The number of causes for any of these faults is very large ! +It does not matter which combination of causes caused the fault to the user. +But as the hierarchy goes up in abstraction level the number of faults goes down. + +\subsection{Tracable Fault Modes} + +Because the fault modes are determined from the bottom-up, the causes +for all high level faults naturally form trees. +Minimal cut sets \cite{nasafta} can be determined from these, and by +analysing the statistical likely hood of the component failures +the MTTF and SIL\cite{en61508} levels can be automatically calculated. + diff --git a/symptom_ex_process/vmgbibliography.bib b/symptom_ex_process/vmgbibliography.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f78d769 --- /dev/null +++ b/symptom_ex_process/vmgbibliography.bib @@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@ +% $Id: vmgbibliography.bib,v 1.1 2008/08/29 16:26:03 robin Exp $ + +% bib file from vmg group +% emailed from Andrew Fish late May 2007 + + +@CONFERENCE{stapleton:inivlacsued, + author = {G.~Stapleton and J.~Masthoff}, + title = {Incorporating Negation into Visual Logics: A Case Study Using {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Submitted to Visual Languages and Computing 2007}, + year = {2007} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{stapleton:atpieds, + AUTHOR = "G.~Stapleton and J.~Masthoff and J.~Flower and A.~Fish and J.~Southern", + TITLE = "Automated Theorem Proving in {E}uler Diagrams Systems", + JOURNAL = "Accepted for Journal of Automated Reasoning", + YEAR = "to appear 2007" +} + +@ARTICLE{stapleton:teacosdawc, + AUTHOR = "G. Stapleton and J. Taylor and J. Howse and S. Thompson", + TITLE = "The Expressiveness and Completeness of Spider Diagrams Augmented with Constants", + JOURNAL = "Submitted to Formal Aspects of Computing", + YEAR = "2005" +} + +@ARTICLE{stapleton:vfol, + AUTHOR = "G.~Stapleton and A.~Fish and S.~Thompson and J.~Howse and S.~Thompson", + TITLE = "Visual First Order Logic", + JOURNAL = "Submitted to Journal of Symbolic Logic", + YEAR = "2006", +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% WEB SITES ONLY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@MISC{dau:website, + author = {{F.~Dau}}, + howpublished = "{http://www.dr-dau.net/eg\_readings.shtml}", + year = "2006" +} + +@MISC{diagrams:website, + author = "S.J.~Shin \and O.~Lemon", + title = "Stanford Enyclopedia of Philosophy: Diagrams", + howpublished = "http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/diagrams/", + year = "2001" +} + +@MISC{puml, + author = {{The Precise UML Group}}, + howpublished = {http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/puml/index.html}, + year = {1997} +} + +@MISC{rwd, + author = {{Reasoning with Diagrams}}, + howpublished = "http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/rwd/", + year = "2006" +} + +@MISC{uml, + author = {{Unified Modelling Language}}, + howpublished = "http://www.uml.org/", + year = "2006" +} + + +@MISC{visualocl, + author = {{VisualOCL: Editor plugin for Eclipse}}, + howpublished = "http://tfs.cs.tu-berlin.de/vocl/", + year = "2004" +} + +@MISC{vmg:website, + author = {{Visual Modelling Group}}, + howpublished = "http://www.cmis.bton.ac.uk/research/vmg", + year = "2006" + +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% AAAAA %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@ARTICLE{akehurst:aratdattim, + AUTHOR = "D.~Akehurst and S.~Kent and O.~Patrascoiu", + TITLE = "A Relational Approach to Defining and Implementing Transformations in Metamodels", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Software and Systems Modeling", + volume = "2", + number = "4", + pages = "215-239", + month = "December", + YEAR = "2003" +} + + + +@conference{akehurst:o2.0its, + author = "D.~Akehurst and P.~Linington and O.~Patrascoiu", + booktitle = "Technical Report", + title = "OCL 2.0: Implementing the Standard", + year = 2003 +} + +@conference{akehurst:oits, + author = "D.~Akehurst and O.~Patrascoiu", + title = "{OCL}: Implementing the Standard", + pages = "19", + booktitle = "OCL2.0-Industry standard or scientific playground?, Proceedings of the UML'03 workshop", + series = "ENTCS", + year = "2003" +} + +@conference{akehurst:tmwpao, + author = "D.~Akehurst and O.~Patrascoiu", + booktitle = "Proceedings of the Metamodelling for MDA Workshop", + title = "Tooling Metamodels with Patterns and {OCL}", + year = "2003" +} + + + + +@BOOK{armstrong:bt, + AUTHOR = "M.~Armstrong", + TITLE = "Basic Topology", + PUBLISHER = "Springer-Verlag", + YEAR = "1979" +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% BBBBB %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@BOOK{barwise:h, + AUTHOR = "J.~Barwise and J.~Etchemendy", + TITLE = "Hyperproof", + PUBLISHER = "CSLI Press", + YEAR = "1994" +} + + +@INCOLLECTION{barwise:hlrwd, + AUTHOR = "J.~Barwise and J.~Etchemendy", + booktitle = "Reasoning with Diagrammatic Representations", + editor= "B.~Chandrasekaran and H.~Simon ", + title = "Hyperproof: Logical Reasoning with Diagrams", + pages = "80-84", + PUBLISHER = "AAAI press", + YEAR = "1992" +} + + +@incollection{barwise:datcols, + author = "J.~Barwise and E.~Hammer ", + publisher = "Oxford University Press", + title = "Diagrams and the Concept of Logical System", + booktitle = "Logical Reasoning with Diagrams", + editor = "G.~Allwein and J.~Barwise", + year = 1996 +} + +@INCOLLECTION{barwise:vivr, + AUTHOR = "J.~Barwise and J.~Etchemendy", + TITLE = "Visual Information and Valid Reasoning", + BOOKTITLE = "Logical Reasoning with Diagrams", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford University Press", + YEAR = "1996", + editor = "G.~Allwein and J.~Barwise", + pages = "3-25" +} + + +@BOOK{battista:gdaftvog, + AUTHOR = "G.~Di~Battista and P.~Eades and R.~Tamassia and I.~G.~Tollis", + TITLE = "Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the visualization of graphs", + PUBLISHER = "Prentice Hall", + YEAR = "1999", + isbn = "0-13-301615-3" +} + + +@CONFERENCE{benoy:etcoed, + author = {F.~Benoy and P.~Rodgers}, + title = {Evaluating the Comprehension of {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Euler Diagrams 2005}, + year = {2006} +} + + +@CONFERENCE{bertault:dhitss, + author = {F.~Bertault and P.~Eades.}, + title = {Drawing hypergraphs in the subset standard}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Graph Drawing}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {1984}, + series = {LNCS}, + pages = {164 - 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Scaife", + booktitle ="Proceedings of 1st International Conference, Diagrams 2000", + pages ="", + year = "2000", + series = "LNAI", + title = "Cognitive Science Approaches To Understanding Diagrammatic Representations", + publisher = "Springer-Verlag" +} + + +@CONFERENCE{chiara:asfvdued, + author = {R.~DeChiara and U.~Erra and V.~Scarano.}, + title = {A System for Virtual Directories Using {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Euler Diagrams 04}, + year = {2005}, + volume = {134}, + series = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science}, + pages = {33–-53} +} + +@CONFERENCE{chiara:vavdfm, + author = {R.~DeChiara and U.~Erra and V.~Scarano.}, + title = {Venn{FS}: A {V}enn Diagram file manager}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Information Visualisation}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {120-–126}, + publisher = {IEEE Computer Society} +} + +@CONFERENCE{choudhury:oevdbanoi, + author = {L.~Choudhury and M.~K.~Chakraborty}, + title = {On Extending {V}enn Diagrams by Augmenting Names of Individuals}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + year = {2004}, + series = {LNAI}, + volume = {2980}, + pages = {142-146}, + month = {March}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + +@CONFERENCE{chow:capvaedwtc, + author = {S.~Chow and P.~Rodgers}, + title = {Constructing Area-Proportional {V}enn and {E}uler Diagrams with Three Circles}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of {E}uler Diagrams 2005}, + year = {2005} +} + +@CONFERENCE{chow:dapvaed, + author = {S.~Chow and F.~Ruskey}, + title = {Drawing Area-Proportional {V}enn and {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Graph Drawing 2003, Perugia, Italy}, + year = {2003}, + series= {LNCS}, + volume = {2912}, + pages = {466-477}, + month = {September}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + +@CONFERENCE{chow:tagstdaped, + author = {S.~Chow and F.~Ruskey}, + title = {Towards a General Solution to Drawing Area-Proportional {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of {E}uler Diagrams}, + year = {2005}, + volume = {134}, + pages = {3--18}, + series = {ENTCS} +} + + + + +@CONFERENCE{clark:fmmdcusd, + author = {R.~Clark}, + title = {Failure Mode Modular De-Composition Using Spider Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Euler Diagrams 2004}, + year = {2005}, + volume = {134}, + series = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science}, + pages = {19–-31} +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% DDDDDDD %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@ARTICLE{dechter:gbfssatooa, + AUTHOR = "R.~Dechter and J.~Pearl", + TITLE = "Generalized Best-First Search Strategies and the Optimality of A*", + JOURNAL = "Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 32(3):505–536", + volume = "32", + number = "3", + pages = "505-536", + YEAR = "1985" +} + +@BOOK{dreben:tdpscoqf, + AUTHOR = "B.~Dreben and D.~Goldforb", + TITLE = "The Decision Problem. Solvable Classes of Quantificational Formulas", + PUBLISHER = "Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc.", + YEAR = "1979" +} + +@CONFERENCE{dunndavies:psfaip, + author = {H.~Dunn-Davies and R.~Cunningham}, + title = {Propostional Statecharts for Agent Interaction Protocols}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Euler Diagrams 2004, Brighton, UK}, + series = {ENTCS}, + year = {2005}, + volume = {134}, + pages = {55-75} +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% EEEEEEE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@BOOK{ebbinghaus:fmt, + AUTHOR = "H.-D.~Ebbinghaus and J.~Flum.", + TITLE = "Finite Model Theory", + PUBLISHER = "Springer-Verlag", + YEAR = "1991" +} + +@misc{eloff:icadvd, + author = "J.~Eloff and L.~van Zijl", + title = "Incremental Construction and Drawing of {V}enn Diagrams", + note = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/eloff00incremental.html", + year = 2000 +} + +@ARTICLE{euler:laupdsdsdpedp, + AUTHOR = "L.~Euler.", + TITLE = "Lettres a une Princesse d’Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie", + JOURNAL = "Letters", + YEAR = "1775", + volume = "2", + pages = "102--108", + note = "Berne, Socit Typographique" +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% FFFFFFF %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@CONFERENCE{fish:aesitdrocd, + author = {A.~Fish and J.~Masthoff}, + title = {An Experimental Study into the Default Reading of Constraint Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Visual Languages and Human Centric Computing}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {287--289}, + address = {Dallas}, + month = {September}, + publisher = {IEEE} +} + +@CONFERENCE{fish:aoed, + author = {A.~Fish and J.~Flower}, + title = {Abstractions of {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Euler Diagrams 2004, Brighton, UK}, + year = {2005}, + series = {ENTCS}, + volume = {134}, + pages = {77-101}, +} + +@conference{fish:arafcd, + author ="A.~Fish and J.~Flower, and J.~Howse", + title ="A Reading Algorithm for Constraint Diagrams", + booktitle ="IEEE Symposium on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments, Auckland, New Zealand", + publisher ="IEEE", + month = "September", + pages = "161-168", + year =2003 +} + +@conference{fish:crtfcd, + author ="A.~Fish and J.~Howse", + title ="Computing Reading Trees for Constraint Diagrams", + booktitle ="AGTIVE '03, Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance, Charlottesville, Virginia, September", + publisher ="Springer-Verlag", + pages ="260-274", + year =2003 +} + + +@TECHREPORT{fish:dmleodelmaesitdrocd, + AUTHOR = "A.~Fish and J.~Mashtoff", + TITLE = "Do Monkeys Like Elephants or Do Elephants like Monkeys? An Empirical Study into the Default Reading of Constraint Diagrams", + INSTITUTION = "University of Brighton", + YEAR = "2005", + address = "\texttt{http://cmis.mis.brighton.ac.uk/research/vmg/publications}" +} + +@conference{fish:dedsow, + author = "A.~Fish and G.~Stapleton", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + address ="Stanford, USA", + pages = "109-111", + title = "Defining {E}uler Diagrams: Simple or What?", + publisher ="Springer", + year = 2006 +} + +@conference{fish:fiilbocc, + author = "A.~Fish and G.~Stapleton", + booktitle = "Proceedings of Distributed Multimedia Systems, International Workshop + on Visual Languages and Computings", + address ="Grand Canyon, USA", + pages = "161-167", + title = "Formal Issues in Languages Based on Closed Curves", + publisher ="Knowledge Systems Institute", + year = 2006 +} + +@CONFERENCE{fish:hntded, + author = {A.~Fish and G.~Stapleton}, + title = {How Not to Define {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Euler diagrams 2005}, + year = {2005} +} + +@CONFERENCE{fish:irwcd, + author = {A.~Fish and J.~Flower}, + title = {Investigating Reasoning with Constraint Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Visual Language and Formal Methods 2004}, + year = {2005}, + series = {ENTCS}, + volume = {127}, + publisher = {Elsevier}, + pages = {53-69}, + address = {Rome, Italy} +} + +@CONFERENCE{fish:tadrfcd, + author = {A.~Fish and J.~Howse}, + title = {Towards a Default Reading for Constraint Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + pages = {51-65}, + month = {March}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + + +@ARTICLE{fish:tsoacd, + AUTHOR = "A.~Fish and J.~Flower and J.~Howse", + TITLE = "The Semantics of Augmented Constraint Diagrams", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Visual Languages and Computing", + YEAR = "2005", + volume = "16", + issue = "6", + pages = "541-573" +} + +@conference{flower:atpwsd, + author ="J.~Flower and G.~Stapleton", + booktitle ="Proceedings of Computing: The Australasian Theory Symposium", + address ="Dunedin, New Zealand", + volume ="91", + series ="ENTCS", + publisher ="Science Direct", + title ="Automated Theorem Proving with Spider Diagrams", + pages ="116-132", + month ="January", + year = 2004 +} + +@conference{flower:avffmwhn, + author ="J.~Flower and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor and S.~Kent", + booktitle ="Proceedings of Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments", + publisher ="IEEE", + title ="A Visual Framework for Modelling with Heterogeneous Notations", + pages ="71-73", + year = 2002 +} + +@mastersthesis{flower:gcd, + author ="J.~Flower", + title ="Generating Constraint Diagrams", + year =2000, + school ="University of Brighton" +} + +@conference{flower:ged, + author = "J.~Flower and J.~Howse", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + address ="Georgia, USA", + publisher = "Springer-Verlag", + title = "Generating {E}uler Diagrams", + pages ="61-75", + month ="April", + year = 2002 +} + +@conference{flower:gpwsduh, + author = "J.~Flower and J.~Masthoff and G.~Stapleton", + booktitle = "Proceedings of Distributed Multimedia Systems, International Workshop + on Visual Languages and Computing", + publisher = "Knowledge Systems Institute", + pages ="279-285", + title = "Generating Proofs with Spider Diagrams Using Heuristics", + year = 2004 +} + + + +@conference{flower:grpahattpwsd, +author = {J.~Flower and J.~Masthoff and G.~Stapleton}, +booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, +address = {Cambridge, UK}, +series= {LNAI}, +volume= {2980}, +publisher = {Springer}, +title = {Generating Readable Proofs: A Heuristic Approach to Theorem Proving with Spider Diagrams}, +pages = {166-181}, +year = 2004 +} + +@conference{flower:lmfed, + author ="J.~Flower and P.~Rodgers and P.~Mutton", + booktitle ="7th International Conference on Information Visualisation", + publisher ="IEEE Computer Society Press", + title ="Layout metrics for {E}uler Diagrams", + pages ="272-280", + year =2003 +} + + +@conference{flower:nied, + author ="J.~Flower and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor", + booktitle ="International Workshop on Graph Transformation and Visual Modeling Techniques", + publisher ="", + title ="Nesting in {E}uler Diagrams", + pages ="99-108", + year = 2002 +} + +@ARTICLE{flower:niedssac, + AUTHOR = "J.~Flower and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor", + TITLE = "Nesting in {E}uler diagrams: syntax, semantics and construction", + JOURNAL = "Software and Systems Modelling", + YEAR = "2004", + volume = "3", + pages = "55-67", + month = "March", + publisher= "Springer" + } + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% GGGG %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@conference{gil:cdasbu, + author = "J.~Gil and J.~Howse and S.~Kent", + booktitle = "Proceedings of TOOLS USA 1999, Santa Barbara, California, USA", + publisher = "IEEE Computer Science Press", + title = "Constraint Diagrams: A step beyond {UML}", + pages = "453-463", + month = "August", + year = 1999 +} + +@conference{gil:fsd, + author = "J.~Gil and J.~Howse and S.~Kent", + booktitle = "Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL99), Tokyo", + publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", + title = "Formalising Spider Diagrams", + pages = "130-137", + month ="September", + year = 1999 +} + +@conference{gil:pived, + author ="J.~Gil and J.~Howse and S.~Kent and J.~Taylor", + title ="Projections in {V}enn-{E}uler Diagrams", + booktitle ="Proc. IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages", + month ="September", + publisher ="IEEE Computer Society Press", + pages ="119--126", + year =2000 +} + + +@ARTICLE{gil:psop, + AUTHOR = "J.~Gil and J.~Howse and E.~Tulchinsky", + TITLE = "Positive semantics of projections", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Visual Languages and Computing", + YEAR = "2001", + volume = "13", + number = "2", + pages = "197-227", + month = "April" +} + + +@conference{gil:tafocd, + author ="J. Gil and J. Howse and S. Kent", + title ="Towards a formalization of constraint diagrams", + booktitle ="Proc IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing (HCC '01), Stresa, Italy", + publisher ="IEEE Computer Society Press", + month ="September", + pages ="72-79", + year =2001 +} + + +@misc{gil:tcde, + author ="J. Gil and Y. Sorkin", + title ="The Constraint Diagrams Editor", + note ="Available at www.cs.technion.ac.il/Labs/ssdl/research/cdeditor/" +} + + +@conference{gil:tdsm, + AUTHOR = "J.~Gil and S.~Kent", + TITLE = "Three dimensional software modeling", + YEAR = "1998", + booktitle = "ICSE 98", + pages = "105--114", + publisher = "IEEE" +} + +@CONFERENCE{good:vplsanpchddlc, + author = {J.~Good}, + title = {{VPL}s and Novice Program Comprehension: How do Different Languages Compare?}, + booktitle = {15th IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {262--269}, + publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press} +} + +@BOOK{greaves:tpsod, + AUTHOR = "M.~Greaves", + TITLE = "The Philosophical Status of Diagrams", + PUBLISHER = "CSLI Publications", + YEAR = "2002" +} + +@misc{gurr:todrdcp, + author ="C. Gurr and J. Lee and K. Stenning", + title ="Theories of diagrammatic reasoning: Distinguishing component problems", + howpublished="Minds and Machines", + pages ="533--557", + year =1998 +} + +@CONFERENCE{gurr:ttpdosed, + author = {C.~Gurr and K.~Tourlas}, + title = {Towards the Principled Design of Software Engineering Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {509--518}, + publisher = {ACM Press} +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% HHHHH %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +@ARTICLE{hammer:evl, + AUTHOR = "E.~Hammer and S.~J.~Shin", + TITLE = "Euler's Visual Logic", + JOURNAL = "History and Philosophy of Logic", + YEAR = "1998", + pages = "1-29" +} + +@book{hammer:lavi, + author = "E. Hammer", + publisher = "CSLI Publications", + title = "Logic and Visual Information", + year = 1995 +} + + +@INCOLLECTION{hammer:tamtofd, + AUTHOR = "E. Hammer and N. Danner", + TITLE = "Towards a model theory of {V}enn diagrams", + BOOKTITLE = "Logical Reasoning with Diagrams", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford University Press", + YEAR = "1996", + editor = "G.~Allwein and J.~Barwise", + pages = "109-127" +} + +@ARTICLE{hammer:tamtovd:02, + AUTHOR = "E.~Hammer and N.~Danner", + TITLE = "Towards a model theory of {V}enn diagrams", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Philosophical Logic", + YEAR = "1996", + volume = "25", + number = "4", + pages = "463-482" +} + + + + +@conference{harel:ovf, + author ="D. Harel", + title ="On visual formalisms", + booktitle ="Diagrammatic Reasoning", + editor ="J. Glasgow and N. H. Narayan and B. Chandrasekaran", + publisher ="MIT Press", + pages ="235--271", + year =1998 +} + +@CONFERENCE{hayes:ckcio, + author = {P.~Hayes and T.~Eskridge and R.~Saavedra and T.~Reichherzer and M.~Mehrotra and D.~Bobrovnikoff}, + title = {Collaborative Knowledge Capture in Ontologies}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Capture}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {99-106} +} + + + +@conference{hegarty:ditmaitwrbiaev, + author = {M. Hegarty}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + publisher = {Springer}, + title = {Diagrams in the Mind and in the World: Relations between Internal and External Visualizations}, + pages = {1--13}, + year = 2004 +} + +@conference{howse:asacdrs, + author ="J. Howse and F. Molina and J. Taylor", + title ="A sound and complete diagrammatic reasoning system", + booktitle ="Proceedings. ASC 2000: 3rd IASTED International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing", + address ="Banff", + publisher ="IASTED/ACTA Press", + pages ="402-408", + year =2000 +} + +@conference{howse:cried, + author = "J. Howse and G. Stapleton and J. Flower and J. Taylor", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + publisher = "Springer", + address = "Georgia, USA", + title = "Corresponding Regions in {E}uler Diagrams", + pages ="76-90", + month ="April", + year = 2002 +} + +@conference{howse:odtat, + author = "J. Howse and F. Molina and S-J. Shin and J. Taylor", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + publisher = "Springer", + address = "Georgia, USA", + publisher = "Springer", + title = "On Diagram Tokens and Types", + pages ="146-160", + month ="April", + year = 2002 +} + +@conference{howse:otcaeosds, + author = "J. Howse and F. Molina and J. Taylor", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 1st International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + publisher = "Springer", + address = "Edinburgh, UK", + title = "On the completeness and expressiveness of spider diagram systems", + pages = "26-41", + month = "September", + year = 2000 +} + +@ARTICLE{howse:pvm, + AUTHOR = "J.~Howse and S.~Schuman", + TITLE = "Precise Visual Modelling", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Software and Systems Modeling", + volume = "4", + issue = "3", + pages = "310-325", + YEAR = "2005" +} + +@conference{howse:rwsd, + author = "J. Howse and F. Molina and J. Taylor and S. Kent", + booktitle = "Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL99), Tokyo", + publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", + title = "Reasoning with Spider Diagrams", + pages = "138-147", + month = "September", + year` = 1999 +} + +@conference{howse:sasacdrs, + author = "J. Howse and F. Molina and J. Taylor", + booktitle = "Proceedings VL 2000: IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Seattle, USA", + publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", + title = "{SD2}: A sound and complete diagrammatic reasoning system", + pages = "127-136", + year = 2000 +} + +@ARTICLE{howse:sd, + author = {J.~Howse and G.~Stapleton and J.~Taylor.}, + title = {Spider Diagrams}, + JOURNAL = {LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics}, + volume = {8}, + pages = {145--194}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{howse:sdadrs, + author ="J. Howse and F. Molina and J. Taylor and S. Kent and J. Gil", + title ="Spider Diagrams: A Diagrammatic Reasoning System", + journal ="Journal of Visual Languages and Computing", + volume ="12", + number ="3", + month ="June", + pages ="299--324", + year =2001 +} + +@conference{howse:tsatsids, + author ="J. Howse and F. Molina and S-J. Shin and J. Taylor", + booktitle ="Proceedings FOIS-2001: 2nd International Conference on + Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Maine, USA", + publisher ="ACM Press", + title ="Type-syntax and Token-syntax in Diagrammatic Systems", + pages ="174--185", + year = 2001 +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% JJJJJJJJJJ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@BOOK{jamnik:mrwd, + AUTHOR = "M.~Jamnik", + TITLE = "Mathematical Reasoning with Diagrams", + PUBLISHER = "CSLI", + YEAR = "2001", +} + +@CONFERENCE{jamnik:aodr, + author = {M.~Jamnik and A.~Bundy and I.~Green}, + title = {Automation of Diagrammatic Reasoning}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {1}, +pages = {528--533}, + publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers}, +} + + + +@conference{john:etnocied, + author = "Chris John and Andrew Fish and John Howse and John Taylor", + booktitle = "Accepted for the 4th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + pages = "267-282", + address ="Stanford, USA", + title = "Exploring the notion of Clutter in {E}uler diagrams", + publisher ="Springer", + year = 2006 +} + +@conference{john:pcied, + author ="C.~John", + booktitle ="{E}uler Diagrams 2004", + volume = "134", + series = "ENTCS", + title ="Projected Contours in {E}uler Diagrams", + pages ="103--126", + year =2005 +} + +@conference{john:rwpc, + author ="C.~John", + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + publisher ="Springer", + title ="Reasoning with Projected Contours", + pages ="147-150", + year =2004 +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% KKKKKKK %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@conference{kent:cdviioom, +author = "S. Kent", +title = "Constraint Diagrams: Visualizing Invariants in Object Oriented Modelling", +month = "October", +year = "1997", +pages = "327-341", +booktitle = "Proceedings of OOPSLA97", +publisher = "ACM Press" +} + +@incollection{kent:ctiaiomwo, + author = "S. Kent and J. Howse", + title = "Constraint trees. In Advances in object modelling with {OCL}", + Editors = "A Clark and J Warmer", + publisher = "Springer Verlag", + year = "2002" +} + +@conference{kent:mvatcl, + author ="S. Kent and J. Howse", + title ="Mixing Visual and Textual Constraint Languages", + booktitle ="Proceedings of UML99", + year ="1999" +} + +@CONFERENCE{kestler:edfvaged, + author = {H.~Kestler and A.~Muller and H.~Liu and D.~Kane and B.~Zeeberg and J.~Weinstein}, + title = {{E}uler diagrams for visualizing annotated gene expression data}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of {E}uler Diagrams 2005}, + year = {2005}, + address = {Paris}, + month = {September} +} + +@ARTICLE{kestler:gvdanmfvcgsr, + AUTHOR = "H.~Kestler and A.~Muller and T.~Gress and M.~Buchholz", + TITLE = "Generalized {V}enn Diagrams: A New Method for Visualizing Complex Genetic Set Relations", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Bioinformatics", + YEAR = "2005", + volume = "21", + number = "8", + pages = "1592-1595" +} + + + +@TECHREPORT{kiesner:voavnofocl, + AUTHOR = "C. Kiesner and G. Taentzer and J. Winkelmann", + TITLE = "{V}isual {O}{C}{L}: A {V}isual {N}otation of the {O}bject {C}onstraint {L}anguage", + INSTITUTION = "Technical University of Berlin", + YEAR = "2002", + number = "2002/23" +} + +@CONFERENCE{kim:vofs, + author = {S.-K.~Kim and D.~Carrington}, + title = {Visualization of Formal Specifications}, + booktitle = {6th Aisa Pacific Software Engineering Conference}, + pages = {102--109}, + address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, + publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press}, + year = {1999} +} + +@conference{kuljis:acoesacdaiteoud, + author = "J. Kuljis and L. Baldwin and R. Scoble", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 14th Workshop on the Psychology of Programming Interest Group", + publisher = "", + pages = "1--14", + title = "A Comparison of Empirical Study and Cognitive Dimensions Analysis in the Evaluation of UML Diagrams", + year = 2002 +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LLLLL %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@article{larkin:wadiswttw, + author ="J. Larkin and H. Simon", + title ="Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words", + journal ="Journal of Cognitive Science", + volume ="11", + pages ="65--99", + year =1987 +} + + +@incollection{lemon:cteovl, + AUTHOR = "O.~Lemon", + editor = "D.~Barker-Plummer and D.~I.~Beaver and J.~van~Benthem and P.~Scotto\hspace{2pt}di\hspace{2pt}Luzio", + TITLE = "Comparing the Efficacy of Visual Languages", + booktitle ="Words, Proofs and Diagrams", + pages = "47-69", + PUBLISHER = "CSLI Publications", + YEAR = "2002" +} + +@ARTICLE{lemon:slatcodr, + AUTHOR = "O.~Lemon and I.~Pratt", + TITLE = "Spatial Logic and the Complexity of Diagrammatic Reasoning", + JOURNAL = "Machine GRAPHICS and VISION", + YEAR = "1997", + volume = "6", + number = "1", + pages = "89-108", +} + +@phdthesis{lovdahl:taveeftlotsw, + AUTHOR = "J.~Lovdahl", + TITLE = "Towards a Visual Editing Environment for the Languages of the Semantic Web", + SCHOOL = "Linkoping University", + YEAR = "2002" +} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% MMMMMMMM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5 + +@INBOOK{mclaughlin:ce, + AUTHOR = "J.~McLaughlin and S>~Gallinger", + TITLE = "The Basic Science of Oncology", + CHAPTER = "Cancer Epidemiology", + PUBLISHER = "McGraw-Hill", + YEAR = "2004", +} + + +@CONFERENCE{meyer:fovmn, + author = {B.~Meyer}, + title = {Formalization of Visual Mathematical Notations}, + booktitle = {AAAI Symposium on Diagrammatic Reasoning}, + year = {1997}, + address = {Boston, USA}, + month = {November} +} + +@MISC{mod:tposcside, + author = {{UK Ministry of Defence}}, + title = {The Procurement of Saftey Critical Software in Defence Equipment}, + year = {1993}, + note = {MOD Interim Standard 00-55} +} + +@phdthesis{molina:rwevpds, + author = "F. Molina", + school = "University of Brighton", + address = "", + title = "Reasoning with extended {V}enn-{P}eirce diagrammatic systems", + year = 2001 +} + +@article{more:otcovd, + author ="T. More", + title ="On the construction of {V}enn diagrams", + journal ="Journal of Symbolic Logic", + volume ="23", + pages ="303--304", + year =1959 +} + + +@CONFERENCE{mutton:dgied, + author = {P. Mutton and P. Rodgers and J. Flower}, + title = {Drawing Graphs in {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + pages = {66-81}, + month = {March}, + publisher = {Springer} +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% OOOO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@CONFERENCE{oberlander:htmm, + author = {J.~Oberlander and K.~Stenning and R.~Cox}, + title = {Hyperproof: The Multimodal Moral}, + booktitle = {Second Conference on Information-Theoretic Approaches to Logic, Language and Computation}, + year = {1996} +} + + + +@MISC{omg:o2.0sr1.6, + author = "O{M}{G}", + title = "{OCL} 2.0 Specification, revision 1.6", + howpublished = "Available from http://www.omg.org", + year = "2003" +} + +@MISC{omg:u2.0s, + author = "O{M}{G}", + title = "U{M}{L} 2.0 Specification", + howpublished = "Available from http://www.omg.org", + year = "2004" +} + +@misc{omg:usv1.3, + author ="O{M}{G}", + howpublished="Available from www.omg.org.", + title ="U{M}{L} Specification, Version 1.3.", + note ="" +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PPPPPPP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +@CONFERENCE{patrascoiu:eoeiy, + author = {O.~Patrascoiu and P.~Rodgers}, + title = {Embedding {OCL} Expressions in {YATL}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {OCL} and Model Driven Engineering Workshop}, + year = {2004}, + month = {October} +} + +@CONFERENCE{patrascoiu:metwsuy, + author = {O.~Patrascoiu}, + title = {Mapping {EDOC} to Web Services using {YATL}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International IEEE Enterprise Distributed +Object Computing Conference (EDOC 2004)}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {12}, + month = {September} +} + + +@conference{patrascoiu:mtiysae, + author = "Octavian Patrascoiu", + booktitle = "Technical Report", + pages ="", + title = "Model Transformations in {YATL}. Studies and Experiments", + year = 2004 +} + + +@CONFERENCE{patrascoiu:tfdr, + author = {O.~Patrascoiu and S.~Thompson and P.~Rodgers}, + title = {Tableaux for Diagrammatic Reasoning}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Distributed +Multimedia Systems, International Workshop on Visual Languages and +Computing}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {279-286}, + month = {September}, + publisher = {Knowledge Systems Institute} +} + +@conference{patrascoiu:ttatlrmv1.0, + author = "Octavian Patrascoiu", + booktitle = "Technical Report", + title = "{YATL}: Yet Another Transformation Language - Reference Manual Version 1.0", + year = 2004 +} + +@conference{patrascoiu:yyatl, + author = "Octavian Patrascoiu", + booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st European {MDA} Workshop, {MDA-IA}", + pages = "83-90", + title = "{YATL}: Yet Another Transformation Language", + month = "January 2004", + year = 2004 +} + +@book{peirce:cp, + author ="C. Peirce.", + title ="Collected Papers", + volume ="4", + publisher ="Harvard University Press", + year =1933 +} + +@book{polya:htsi, + AUTHOR = "G. ~Polya", + TITLE = "How to Solve It", + PUBLISHER = "Princeton University Press", + YEAR = "1957" +} + + +@CONFERENCE{puigsegur:vlpbmodt, + author = {J.~Puigsegur and J.~Agusti}, + title = {Visual Logic Programming by Means of Diagram Transformations}, + booktitle = {joint Conference on Declarative Programming}, + year = {1998} +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% RRRRRRR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +@MISC{rector:sviowl, + author = "A.~Rector", + title = "Specifying Values in OWL: Value Partitions +and Value Sets", + howpublished = "W3C Editors Draft 02", + year = "2005" +} + + +@BOOK{roberts:tegocsp, + AUTHOR = "D.~D.~Roberts", + TITLE = "The Existential Graphs of Charles S. Peirce", + PUBLISHER = "Mouton", + YEAR = "1973" +} + + + + +@CONFERENCE{rodgers:dedd, + author = {P. Rodgers and P. Mutton and J. Flower }, + title = {Dynamic {E}uler Diagram Drawing}, + year = {2004}, + booktitle= {Visual Languages and Human Centric Computing, Rome, Italy}, + pages ="147-156", + month = {September}, + publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press}, +} + +@ARTICLE{ruskey:asovd, + AUTHOR = "F.~Ruskey", + TITLE = "A Survey of {V}enn Diagrams", + JOURNAL = "Electronic Journal of Combinatorics", + note = "www.combinatorics.org/Surveys/ds5/VennEJC.html", + YEAR = "1997" +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SSSSSSS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@CONFERENCE{sawamura:javrswdas, + author = {H.~Sawamura and K.~Kiyozuka}, + title = {{JV}enn: A Visual Reasoning System with Diagrams and Sentences}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 1st International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, + address = {Edinburgh, UK}, + series = {LNAI}, + volume = {1889}, + pages = {271-285}, + year = {2000} +} + +@conference{scotto:pualovd, + author ="P. Scotto~di~Luzio", + title ="Patching up a logic of {V}enn diagrams", + booktitle ="Proceedings 6th CSLI Workshop on Logic, Language and Computation", + publisher ="CSLI Publications", + year = "2000" +} + +@conference{shimojima:iaecogrsasg, + author ="A. Shimojima", + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + publisher ="Springer", + title ="Inferential and Expressive Capacities of Graphical Representations: Survey and Some Generalizations", + pages ="18--21", + year = 2004 +} + + +@incollection{shimojima:lrwd, + author ="A. Shimojima", + publisher ="Oxford University Press", + title ="Operational constraints in diagrammatic reasoning", + booktitle ="Logical Reasoning with Diagrams", + note ="Edited by Gerard Allwein and Jon Barwise", + pages ="27-48", + year =1996 +} + + +@incollection{shin:staovrwvd, + author ="S.-J.~Shin", + publisher ="Oxford University Press", + title ="Situation-Theoretic Account of Valid Reasoning with {V}enn Diagrams", + booktitle ="Logical Reasoning with Diagrams", + editor ="G.~Allwein and J.~Barwise", + pages ="81-108", + year =1996 +} + +@BOOK{shin:tilopg, + AUTHOR = "S.-J.~Shin", + TITLE = "The Iconic Logic of Peirce's Graphs", + PUBLISHER = "Bradford Book", + YEAR = "2002" +} + + +@book{shin:tlsod, + author = "S.-J. Shin", + publisher = "Cambridge University Press", + title = "The Logical Status of Diagrams", + year = 1994 +} + +@article{stenning:ialihrasi, + author = {K.~Stenning and P.~Yule}, + title = {Image and Language in Human Reasoning: A Syllogistic Illustration}, + journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {109--159}, +} + + +@TECHREPORT{stapleton:afatpieds, + AUTHOR = "G.~Stapleton and J.~Masthoff and J.~Flower and A.~Fish and J.~Southern", + TITLE = "Appendices for Automated Theorem Proving in Euler Diagram Systems", + INSTITUTION = "University of Brighton", + YEAR = "2006", + number = "Technical Report VMG06.2" +} + + +@conference{stapleton:acdrs, + author = "G. Stapleton and J. Howse and J. Taylor", + booktitle = "Proceedings of International Conference on Visual Languages and Computing", + publisher = "Knowledge Systems Insitute", + title = "A Constraint Diagram Reasoning System", + pages ="263-270", + year = 2003 +} + + +@ARTICLE{stapleton:adcdrs, + AUTHOR = "G.~Stapleton and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor", + TITLE = "A Decidable Constraint Diagram Reasoning System", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Logic and Computation", + YEAR = "2005", + volume = "15", + number = "6", + pages = "975-1008", + month = "December" +} + +@CONFERENCE{stapleton:anlftvolar, + author = {G.~Stapleton and S.~Thompson and A.~Fish and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor}, + title = {A New Language for the Visualisation of Logic and Reasoning}, + booktitle = {11th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems, International Workshop on + Visual Languages and Computing}, + year = {2005}, + month = {September}, + publisher = {Knowledge Systems Institute} +} + +@CONFERENCE{stapleton:asf, + author = {G.~Stapleton and J.~Howse and K.~Toller}, + title = {On Spiders' Feet}, + booktitle = {{E}uler Diagrams 2005}, + year = {2005} +} + +@CONFERENCE{stapleton:asorsboed, + author = {G.~Stapleton}, + title = {A Survey of Reasoning Systems Based on {E}uler Diagrams}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of Euler Diagrams 2004, Brighton, UK}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {127-151}, + volume = {134}, + series = {ENTCS} +} + +@conference{stapleton:eteosds, + author = "G.~Stapleton and J.~Howse", + booktitle = "Proceedings of Distributed Multimedia Systems, International Workshop + on Visual Languages and Computings", + address ="Grand Canyon, USA", + pages = "129--138", + title = "Enhancing the Expressiveness of Spider Diagram Systems", + publisher ="Knowledge Systems Institute", + year = 2006 +} + + +@conference{stapleton:gs, + author = "G.~Stapleton and J.~Howse and K.~Toller", + booktitle = "4th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + address ="Stanford, USA", + pages = "148-150", + title = "Generalizing Spiders", + publisher ="Springer", + year = 2006 +} + +@PHDTHESIS{stapleton:rwcd, + AUTHOR = "G.~Stapleton", + TITLE = "Reasoning with Constraint Diagrams", + SCHOOL = "University of Brighton", + publisher = "British Computer Society", + YEAR = "2004", + source = "http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.2842", + month = "August" +} + + + +@ARTICLE{stapleton:teosd, + AUTHOR = "G.~Stapleton and S.~Thompson and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor", + TITLE = "The Expressiveness of Spider Diagrams", + JOURNAL = "Journal of Logic and Computation", + YEAR = "2004", + volume = "14", + number = "6", + pages = "857-880", + month = "December" +} + +@CONFERENCE{stapleton:teosdawc, + author = {G.~Stapleton and J.~Howse and J.~Taylor and S.~Thompson}, + title = {The Expressiveness of Spider Diagrams Augmented with Constants}, + year = {2004}, + booktitle= {Visual Languages and Human Centric Computing, Rome, Italy}, + pages = {91-98}, + month = {September}, + publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press}, +} + +@conference{stapleton:wcsds, + author ="G. Stapleton and J. Howse and J. Taylor and S. Thompson", + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + publisher ="Springer", + title ="What Can Spider Diagrams Say?", + pages ="112-127", + year = 2004 +} + +@incollection{swoboda:acsotdaiohrs, + author = "N. Swoboda and G. Allwein", + booktitle = "Logical and Computational Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning", + publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers", + title = "A case study of the design and implementation of heterogeneous reasoning systems", + editor ="L.~Magnani and N.~J.~Neressian and C.~Pizzi", + pages ="1--18", + year = 2002 +} + +@conference{swoboda:hrwevdcncaf, + author = "N. Swoboda and G. Allwein", + booktitle = "Proceedings of Euler Diagrams 2004", + publisher = "Elsevier Science", + series = "ENTCS", + volume = "134", + title = "Heterogeneous Reasoning with {E}uler/{V}enn Diagrams Containing Named Constants and {FOL}", + year = 2005 +} + +@incollection{swoboda:ievrs, + author = "N. Swoboda", + booktitle = "Diagrammatic Representation and Reasoning", + publisher = "Springer-Verlag", + title = "Implementing {E}uler/{V}enn Reasoning Systems", + editor = "M.~Anderson and B.~Meyer and P.~Olivier", + pages = "371--386", + year = 2001 +} + +@conference{swoboda:mhs, + author = "N. Swoboda and G. Allwein", + booktitle = "Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams", + address = "Gardens, Georgia, USA", + publisher = "Springer-Verlag", + title = "Modeling Heterogeneous Systems", + series = "LNAI", + volume = "2317", + pages = "131-145", + year = 2002 +} + +@conference{swoboda:ticoevd, + author = "N.~Swoboda and J.~Barwise", + booktitle = "Proceedings LICS workshop on Logic and Diagrammatic Information", + title = "The Information Content of {E}uler/{V}enn Diagrams", + year = 1998 +} + + + +@conference{swoboda:udttvevhaevfhroi, + author = "N. Swoboda and G. Allwein", + booktitle = "Proceedings of GT-VMT", + publisher = "Elsevier Science", + series = "ENTCS", + title = "Using {DAG} transformations to Verify {E}uler/{V}enn Homogeneous and {E}uler/{V}enn {FOL} Heterogeneous Rules of Interence", + year = 2002 +} + +@article{swoboda:udttvevhaevfhroi:02, + author = {N.~Swoboda and G.~Allwein}, + title = {Using {DAG} Transformations to Verify {E}uler/{V}enn Homogeneous and {E}uler/{V}enn {FOL} Heterogeneous Rules of Inference}, + journal = {Journal on Software and System Modeling}, + year = {2004}, + volume = {3}, + number = {2}, + pages = {136--149} +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% TTTTTT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +@CONFERENCE{thievre:ueditle, + author = {J.~Thi`evre and M.~Viaud and A.~ Verroust-Blondet}, + title = {Using Euler Diagrams in Traditional Library Environments}, + booktitle = {Euler Diagrams 2004}, + year = {2005}, + volume = {134}, + series = {ENTCS}, + pages = {189-202}, + publisher = {ENTCS} +} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% UUUUUUUUUU %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% VVVV %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +@article{venn:otdamropar, + author ="J. Venn", + title ="On the diagrammatic and mechanical representation of propositions and reasonings", + journal ="Phil.Mag", + year =1880 +} + + +@CONFERENCE{verroust:etdoedfutes, + author = {A.~Verroust and M.-L.~Viaud}, + title = {Ensuring the Drawability of {E}uler Diagrams for up to Eight Sets}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + series= {LNAI}, + volume= {2980}, + pages = {128--141}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2004} +} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% WWWWWWW %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@book{warmer:toclpmwu, + author ="J. Warmer and A. Kleppe", + title ="The Object Constraint Language: Precise Modeling with UML", + publisher ="Addison-Wesley", + year =1998 +} + + + +@MASTERSTHESIS{winkelmann:sovavotocl, + AUTHOR = "Jessica Winkelmann", + TITLE = "Specification of {V}isual{O}{C}{L}: {A} {V}isualisation of the + {O}bject {C}onstraint {L}anguage", + SCHOOL = "TU Berlin", + YEAR = "2005", + note = "(in German)" +} + + +@CONFERENCE{winterstein:ddadtp, + author = {D.~Winterstein and A.~Bundy and C.~Gurr}, + title = {Dr {D}oodle: A Diagrammatic Theorem Prover}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of The International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning}, + year = {2004}, + series = {LNCS}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + +@CONFERENCE{winterstein:odbtrapp, + author = {D.~Winterstein and A.~Bundy and M.~Jamnik}, + title = {On Differences Between the Real and Physical Plane}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams}, + year = {2004}, + series = {LNAI}, + volume = {2980}, + pages = {29-31}, + month = {March}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag} +} + +@BOOK{wos:afcitwocygtar, + AUTHOR = "L.~Wos and G.~Pieper", + TITLE = "A Fascinating Country in the World of Computing Your Guide to Automated Reasoning", + PUBLISHER = "World Scientific", + YEAR = "1999" +} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ZZZZZZZ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +@ARTICLE{zhang:ridct, + AUTHOR = {J.~Zhang and D.~Norman}, + TITLE = {Representations in Distributed Cognitive Tasks}, + JOURNAL = {Cognitive Science}, + YEAR = {1994}, + pages = {87--122}, + vol = {18} +} + +@CONFERENCE{zhao:arbmodtofep, + author = {Y.~Zhao and J.~L\"{o}vdahl}, + title = {A Reuse Based Method of Developing the Ontology for E-Procurement}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Nordic Confernce on Web Services}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {101-112} +} + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% diff --git a/thesis.tex b/thesis.tex index bb712b1..9bab7f4 100644 --- a/thesis.tex +++ b/thesis.tex @@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ \input{component_failure_modes_definition/component_failure_modes_definition} +\typeout{ ---------------- Symptom Extraction } +\chapter {Symptom Extraction Process } +\input{symptom_ex_process/symptom_ex_process} + \typeout{ ---------------- Propositional Logic Diagrams} \chapter {Propositional Logic Diagrams} \input{logic_diagram/logic_diagram} @@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ \typeout{ ---------------- Symptom Extraction } -\chapter {Symptom Extraction } +\chapter {Symptom Extraction using PLD Diagrams } \input{symptom_abstraction/symptom_abstraction}