diff --git a/component_failure_modes_definition/component_failure_modes_definition.tex b/component_failure_modes_definition/component_failure_modes_definition.tex index 3cabc6a..61147a6 100644 --- a/component_failure_modes_definition/component_failure_modes_definition.tex +++ b/component_failure_modes_definition/component_failure_modes_definition.tex @@ -309,10 +309,11 @@ It is an implied requirement of EN298 for instance to consider double simultaneo To generalise, we may need to consider $N$ simultaneous failure modes when analysing a functional group. This involves finding all combinations of failures modes of size $N$ and less. -The Powerset concept from Set theory when applied to a set S is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself. +The Powerset concept from Set theory when applied to a set S is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself +\footnote{The empty set is a special case for FMMD analysis, it simply means there +is no fault active in the functional~group under analysis}. In order to consider combinations for the set S where the number of elements in each sub-set of S is $N$ or less, a concept of the `cardinality constrained powerset' -is proposed and described in the next section. The empty set is a special case for FMMD analysis, it simply means there -is no fault active in the functional~group under analysis. +is proposed and described in the next section. \subsection{Cardinality Constrained Powerset } \label{ccp} @@ -320,11 +321,16 @@ is no fault active in the functional~group under analysis. A Cardinality Constrained powerset is one where sub-sets of a cardinality greater than a threshold are not included. This theshold is called the cardinality constraint. To indicate this the cardinality constraint $cc$, is subscripted to the powerset symbol thus $\mathcal{P}_{cc}$. -Consider the set $S = \{a,b,c\}$. $\mathcal{P}_{2} S $ means all subsets of S where the cardinality of the subsets is -less than or equal to 2 or less. +Consider the set $S = \{a,b,c\}$. + +The powerset of S: $$ \mathcal{P} S = \{ 0, \{a,b,c\}, \{a,b\},\{b,c\},\{c,a\},\{a\},\{b\},\{c\} \} $$ + +$\mathcal{P}_{2} S $ means all subsets of S where the cardinality of the subsets is +less than or equal to 2 or less. + $$ \mathcal{P}_{2} S = \{ \{a,b\},\{b,c\},\{c,a\},\{a\},\{b\},\{c\} \} $$ Note that $\mathcal{P}_{1} S $ for this example is: @@ -352,11 +358,12 @@ from $1$ to $cc$ thus \begin{equation} \#\mathcal{P}_{cc} S = \sum^{k}_{1..cc} \frac{\#S!}{k!(\#S-k)!} + \label{eqn:ccps} \end{equation} -\subsection{Actual Number of combinations to check with Unitary State Fault mode sets} +\subsection{Actual Number of combinations to check \\ with Unitary State Fault mode sets} Where all components analysed only have one fault mode, the cardinality constrained powerset calculation give the correct number of test case combinations to check. @@ -367,29 +374,53 @@ be less. What must actually be done is to subtract the number of component `internal combinations' from the cardinality constrain powerset number. -Thus were we to have a simple circuit with two components R and T, of which -$FM(R) = {R_o, R_s}$ and $FM(T) = {T_o, T_s, T_h}$. +Thus were we to have a simple functional group with two components R and T, of which +$$FM(R) = \{R_o, R_s\}$$ and $$FM(T) = \{T_o, T_s, T_h\}$$. For a cardinality constrained powerset of 2, because there are 5 error modes -gives +applying equation \ref{eqn:ccps} gives :- $$\frac{5!}{1!(5-1)!} + \frac{5!}{2!(5-2)!} = 15$$ -This is composed of -5 single fault modes, and ${2 \choose 5}$ ten double fault modes. +This is composed of ${1 \choose 5}$ +five single fault modes, and ${2 \choose 5}$ ten double fault modes. However we know that the faults are mutually exclusive for a component. -We must then subtract the number of `internal' component fault combinations. +We must then subtract the number of `internal' component fault combinations for each component in the functional~group. For component R there is only one internal component fault that cannot exist $R_o \wedge R_s$. As a combination ${2 \choose 2} = 1$ . For $T$ the component with three fault modes ${2 \choose 3} = 3$. Thus for $cc == 2$ we must subtract $(3+1)$. +The number of combinations to check is thus 11 for this example and this can be verified +by listing all the required combinations: -Written as a general formula, where C is a set of the components (indexed by j where J -is the set of componets in the functional~group under analyis) and $\#C$ +\vbox{ +%\tiny +\begin{enumerate} +\item $\{R_o T_o\}$ +\item $\{R_o T_s\}$ +\item $\{R_o T_h\}$ +\item $\{R_s T_o\}$ +\item $\{R_s T_s\}$ +\item $\{R_s T_h\}$ +\item $\{R_o \}$ +\item $\{R_s \}$ +\item $\{T_o \}$ +\item $\{T_s \}$ +\item $\{T_h \}$ +\end{enumerate} +%\normalsize +} + + +The cardinality constrained powerset equation \ref{eqn:ccps} corrected for +unitary state failure modes can be +written as a general formula, where C is a set of the components (indexed by j where J +is the set of components in the functional~group under analyis) and $\#C$ indicates the number of mutually exclusive fault modes each component has:- %$$ \#\mathcal{P}_{cc} S = \sum^{k}_{1..cc} \frac{\#S!}{k!(\#S-k)!} $$ \begin{equation} \#\mathcal{P}_{cc} S = {\sum^{k}_{1..cc} \frac{\#S!}{k!(\#S-k)!}} - {\sum^{j}_{j \in J} {\#C_{j} \choose cc}} + \label{eqn:correctedccps} \end{equation} @@ -416,7 +447,7 @@ $$ F = \Omega(C) \backslash OK $$ The $OK$ statistical case is the largest in probability, and is therefore of interest when analysing systems from a statistical perspective. -This is of interest to conditional probability calculations +This is of interest for the application of conditional probability calculations such as Bayes theorem. \vspace{40pt}