diff --git a/papers/README.txt b/papers/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..804480b --- /dev/null +++ b/papers/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +This directory should be used to keep latex source +for final submissions of papers. + +They tend to get lost and dited for othr things unless archived. + diff --git a/papers/software_fmea/software_fmea.tex b/papers/software_fmea/software_fmea.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4a0ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/papers/software_fmea/software_fmea.tex @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ + + + + +Software FMEA + + +No known method of software failure mode effects analysis--- some work has been done on +Sofware FTA a top down approach--- +Bottom up approach means all known failure modes must be modelled. +SIL does not have metric or tools to analyse software for saefty, +it instead applies best practises and constraints on computer language features (i.e. +in C limited use of pointers no recursion etc). + + +Introduce concept of FMEA +* bottom up +* all failure modes for all componnts + +Concept of FMMD + +Look at the structure of software +* a natural hierarchy + +Software written for a controlled +Contract programming +* describe concept +* describe how this fits in with failure modes and failure symptoms concepts + +Describe how contract programming represents the failure modes of software + +Now describe how this fis in with the structure of FMMD + + + diff --git a/old_thesis/presentations/System_safety_2011/Makefile b/presentations/System_safety_2011/Makefile similarity index 100% rename from old_thesis/presentations/System_safety_2011/Makefile rename to presentations/System_safety_2011/Makefile diff --git a/old_thesis/presentations/System_safety_2011/SAFETY_2011_WORD_PAPER_TEMPLATE.doc b/presentations/System_safety_2011/SAFETY_2011_WORD_PAPER_TEMPLATE.doc similarity index 100% rename from old_thesis/presentations/System_safety_2011/SAFETY_2011_WORD_PAPER_TEMPLATE.doc rename to 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a/old_thesis/presentations/fmea/resistor_failure_graph.png b/presentations/fmea/resistor_failure_graph.png similarity index 100% rename from old_thesis/presentations/fmea/resistor_failure_graph.png rename to presentations/fmea/resistor_failure_graph.png diff --git a/old_thesis/presentations/fmea/tech_meeting.png b/presentations/fmea/tech_meeting.png similarity index 100% rename from old_thesis/presentations/fmea/tech_meeting.png rename to presentations/fmea/tech_meeting.png diff --git a/old_thesis/presentations/fmea/three_tree.dia b/presentations/fmea/three_tree.dia similarity index 100% rename from old_thesis/presentations/fmea/three_tree.dia rename to presentations/fmea/three_tree.dia diff --git a/thesis_submission/CH5_Examples/copy.tex b/thesis_submission/CH5_Examples/copy.tex index 10ef890..7a2dc15 100644 --- a/thesis_submission/CH5_Examples/copy.tex +++ b/thesis_submission/CH5_Examples/copy.tex @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ How base components could fail internally, its not of interest to an FMEA invest The FMEA investigator needs to know what failure behaviour a component may exhibit, or in other words, its modes of failure. -A large body of literature exists which gives guidance for for determining component {\fms}. +A large body of literature exists which gives guidance for determining component {\fms}. % For this study FMD-91~\cite{fmd91} and the gas burner standard EN298~\cite{en298} are examined. %Some standards prescribe specific failure modes for generic component types. @@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ are examined. % FMD-91 is a reference document released into the public domain by the United States DOD -and describes {\fms} of common electronic components. -FMD-91 entries include descriptions of internal failures along with {\fms}. +and describes `failures' of common electronic components, with percentage statistics for each failure. +FMD-91 entries include general descriptions of internal failures alongside {\fms} of use to an FMEA investigation. FMD-91 entries need, in some cases, some interpretation to be mapped to a clear set of component {\fms} suitable for use in FMEA. @@ -147,11 +147,12 @@ component {\fms} suitable for use in FMEA. In this section we look in detail at two common electrical components and examine how the two sources of information define their failure mode behaviour. -We look at the reasons why some known failure modes are omitted, or presented in -specific but unintuitive ways. +We look at the reasons why some known failure modes % are omitted, or presented in +%specific but unintuitive ways. %We compare the US. military published failure mode specifications wi +can be found in one source but not in the other and vice versa. -We then compare and contrast the failure modes determined for these components +Finally we compare and contrast the failure modes determined for these components from the FMD-91 reference source and from the guidelines of the European burner standard EN298. \subsection{Failure mode determination for generic resistor} @@ -173,12 +174,14 @@ For instance for {\textbf{Resistor,~Fixed,~Film}} we are given the following fai \item Shorted 3.9\% \item Lead damage 1.9\% \end{itemize} -This information may be of insterest to the manufacturer of resistors, but it does not directly +This information may be of interest to the manufacturer of resistors, but it does not directly help a circuit designer. -The circuit designer is not interested in the causes of resistor failure, but to build in contingecy -against symptoms of failure that the resistor could exhibit. -We can determine these {\fms} and map these failure causes to three symptoms, -drift (resistance value changing), open and short. +The circuit designer is not interested in the causes of resistor failure, but to build in contingency +against {\fms} that the resistor could exhibit. +We can determine these {\fms} by converting the internal failure descriptions +to {\fms} thus: +%and map these failure causes to three symptoms, +%drift (resistance value changing), open and short. \begin{itemize} \item Opened 52\% $\mapsto$ OPENED @@ -186,25 +189,26 @@ drift (resistance value changing), open and short. \item Film Imperfections 5.1\% $\mapsto$ OPEN \item Substrate defects 5.1\% $\mapsto$ OPEN \item Shorted 3.9\% $\mapsto$ SHORT - \item Lead damage 1.9\% $\mapsto$ OPEN + \item Lead damage 1.9\% $\mapsto$ OPEN. \end{itemize} The main causes of drift are overloading of components. -This is bourne out in entry for a resistor network where the failure +This is borne out in entry for a resistor network where the failure modes do not include drift. If we can ensure that our resistors will not be exposed to overload conditions, drift or parameter change can be reasonably excluded. \subsubsection{Resistor failure modes according to EN298} -EN298 ,the European gas burner safety standard,tends to be give more symptom centric failure modes than FMD-91, -and requires that a full FMEA be undertaken, examining all characterisic failure modes -of all components~\cite{en298}[11.2 5]. -Annex A of EN298, gives failure modes for common components -and guidance on determing sets of failure modes for complex components (i.e. integrated circuits). +EN298, the European gas burner safety standard, tends to be give failure modes more directly usable by FMEA than FMD-91. +EN298 requires that a full FMEA be undertaken, examining all failure modes +of all components~\cite{en298}[11.2 5] as part of the certification process. +% +Annex A of EN298, prescribes failure modes for common components +and guidance on determining sets of failure modes for complex components (i.e. integrated circuits). EN298~\cite{en298}[Annex A] (for most types of resistor) only requires that the failure mode OPEN be considered in FMEA analysis. % -For resitor types not specifically listed in EN298, the failure modes +For resistor types not specifically listed in EN298, the failure modes are considered to be either OPEN or SHORT. The reason that parameter change is not considered for resistors chosen for an EN298 compliant system; is that they must be must be {\em downrated}, that is to say the power and voltage ratings of components must be calculated @@ -223,17 +227,17 @@ for maximum possible exposure, with a 40\% margin of error. This ensures the res % FMD-91 gives the following percentages for failure rates in % \label{downrate} % The parameter change, is usually a failure mode associated with over stressing the component. -In a system designed to typical safety critical constraints (as in EN298) -these environmentally induced failure modes need not be considered. +%In a system designed to typical safety critical constraints (as in EN298) +%these environmentally induced failure modes need not be considered. For this study we will take the conservative view from EN298, and consider the failure -modes for a resistor to be OPEN and SHORT. +modes for a generic resistor to be both OPEN and SHORT. i.e. $$ fm(R) = \{ OPEN, SHORT \} . $$ -\subsection{Failure modes determination for generic OP-AMP} +\subsection{Failure modes determination for generic operational amplifier} \begin{figure}[h+] \centering @@ -243,12 +247,12 @@ $$ fm(R) = \{ OPEN, SHORT \} . $$ \label{fig:lm258} \end{figure} -The op-amp is a differential amplifier and is very widely used in nearly all fields of modern electronics. +The operational amplifier (op-amp) is a differential amplifier and is very widely used in nearly all fields of modern electronics. They are typically packaged in dual or quad configurations---meaning that a chip will typically contain two or four amplifiers. For the purpose of example, we look at a typical op-amp designed for instrumentation and measurement, the dual packaged version of the LM358~\cite{lm358} -(see figure~\ref{fig:lm258}). +(see figure~\ref{fig:lm258}), and use this to compare the failure mode derivations from FMD-91 and EN298. \subsubsection{ Failure Modes of an OP-AMP according to FMD-91 } @@ -298,10 +302,9 @@ $$fm(OP-AMP) = \{ HIGH, LOW, NOOP, LOW_{slew} \} $$ EN298 does not specifically define OP\_AMPS failure modes; these can be determined by following a procedure for `integrated~circuits' outlined in annex~A~\cite{en298}[A.1 note e]. -This demands that all open connections, and shorts between adjacent pins be considered. -We can examine these failure modes by taking a typical instrumentation op-amp, say the $LM358$ %\mu741$ -and examining -these conditions. +This demands that all open connections, and shorts between adjacent pins be considered as failure scenarios. +We examine these failure scenarios on the dual packaged $LM358$ %\mu741$ +and determine its {\fms}.