diff --git a/mybib.bib b/mybib.bib
index 1a5a3fd..071ca1f 100644
--- a/mybib.bib
+++ b/mybib.bib
@@ -796,6 +796,25 @@ OPTissn = {},
  OPTabstract = {},
 }
 
+@TechReport{steamboilers,
+ author = {Nancy Leveson},
+ title = {High-Pressure steam Engines and Computer Software},
+ institution = {University of Washington},
+ year = {1994},
+ OPTkey = {},
+ OPTtype = {},
+ OPTnumber = {},
+ OPTaddress = {},
+ OPTmonth = {},
+ OPTnote = {},
+ OPTannote = {},
+ OPTurl = {},
+ OPTdoi = {},
+ OPTissn = {},
+ OPTlocalfile = {},
+ OPTabstract = {},
+}
+
 @Book{aoe,
  title = {The Art of Electronics},
  publisher = {Cambridge},
diff --git a/submission_thesis/CH1_introduction/copy.tex b/submission_thesis/CH1_introduction/copy.tex
index 4076916..9e41432 100644
--- a/submission_thesis/CH1_introduction/copy.tex
+++ b/submission_thesis/CH1_introduction/copy.tex
@@ -1,3 +1,40 @@
+
+\abstract{
+The ability to assess the safety of man made equipment has been a concern 
+since the dawn of the industrial age~\cite{indacc01}~\cite{steamboilers}.
+The philosophy behind safety measure has progressed
+with time, and by world war two~\cite{boffin} we begin to see concepts such as `no single component failure should cause
+a dangerous system failure' emerging.
+The concept of a double failure causing a dangerous condition being unacceptable,
+can be found in the legally binding European standard EN298~\cite{en298}.
+More sophisticated statistically based standards, i.e EN61508~\cite{en61508} and variants thereof,
+governing failure conditions and determining risk levels associated with systems.
+
+All of these risk assessment techniques are based on variations on the theme of 
+Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA), which has its roots in the 1940's mass production industry
+and was designed to save large companies money by fixing the most financially
+draining problems in a product first.
+
+This thesis show that the refinements and additions made to
+FMEA to tailor them for military or statistical commercial use, have common flaws 
+which make them unsuitable for the higher safety requirements of the 21st century.
+Problems with state explosion in failure mode reasoning and the impossibility
+of integrating software and hardware failure mode models are the most obvious of these. %flaws.
+The methodologies are explained in chapter~\ref{sec:chap2} and the advantages and drawbacks
+of each FMEA variant are examined in chapter~\ref{sec:chap3}.
+In chapter~\ref{sec:chap4}, a new methodology is then proposed which addresses the state explosion problem
+and, using contract programmed software, allows the modelling of integrated
+software/electrical systems.
+This is followed by two chapters showing examples of the new modular FMEA analysis technique (Failure Mode Modular De-Composition FMMD)
+firstly looking at electronic circuits and then at electronic/software hybrid systems.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+}
+
 \section{Introduction}
 
 Msc project Euler/Spider Diagram editor --- Euler/Spider Diagrams